대몽골국 초기 고려-몽골 간 물품 이동과  그 배경 

◎ 저자명: 김장구(HK연구교수)

◎ 학술지: 이화사학연구 제65집

◎ 발행처: 이화사학연구소

◎ 간행일: 2022.12.20

This paper analyzes the type and background of ‘goods’ sent by Goryeo to Mongol when Mongol Empire militarily pressured Goryeo to surrender in the early Yeke Monggol Ulus(1206-1259).

Among the items sent to Mongol by Goryeo in the early Yeke Mongγul Ulus, precious metals such as gold and silver were continuously required throughout all periods and were taken most often. Textiles such as silk and cotton, furs such as otter skins were also frequently mentioned.

The animals are once seen with the peregrine falcon, and the rest are all records about horses.

In addition, prisoners of war and craftsmen were important ‘tributes’, and Mongol demanded that the children of high-ranking people be presented to Mongol Qa'an. Stationeries such as brushes, ink, and paper, dyes such as purple grass(紫草), and pigments such as orpiment were stand out among the items Mongol requested. They were required during period of the Chinggis Qan.

There are many reasons for constantly sending goods from Goryeo to Mongol in the early Yeke Mongγul Ulus and to the Mongol commanders of the Goryeo expeditionary forces. First, it was a kind of diplomatic strategy to respond to Mongol’s strong military threats. Second, it can be said that it was a measure to buy the hearts of Mongol generals entrusted with the full authority to command the Goryeo expeditionary force by Great Qa'an. Third, Yeke Mongγul Ulus has demanded some of the insufficient military supplies from Goryeo while simultaneously carrying out expeditions since the Ögüdei Qa'an.

In conclusion, the most powerful and frequent invasion of Goryeo by the Mongol army was during the Ögüdei and Möngke Qa'an periods. In particular, during period of the Ögüdei Qa'an, the most threatening attack on Goryeo was carried out due to the murder of ‘Jeogoyeo(著古與)’. In addition, the ‘goods’ required by Mongol were the most in terms of type and quantity.

In addition, during period of the Möngke Qa'an, expeditionary forces continued to be dispatched to subjugate Goryeo. However, if we look at the historical data related to ‘goods’, it can be seen that the military threat was not as strong as during the Ögüdei period, and the required goods were reduced. Eventually, in 1259, the crown prince of Goryeo visited Möngke who was on an expedition to Southern Sung(南宋), but upon his death, he met his younger brother Qubilai and asked for submission. Finally, Qubilai’s victory in the power struggle with Ariγ Böke allowed that Goryeo was able to be guaranteed limited safety under the rule of Yeke Mongγul Ulus.